English for Writing Research Papers Useful Phrases

Many non-native researchers begin their writing career by reading extensively about their topic in English, and noting down useful generic phrases that they can then ‘paste’ into their own work. You can use such phrases as a template / structure for your paper into which you insert your own data. You at least know that these ready-made phrases are in correct English. You do not risk being accused of plagiarism because of the very generic nature of the phrases.
This document presents lists of frequently used phrases that have a general acceptance in all disciplines that you can use in specific sections of your paper. This means that they are phrases that referees and readers frequently encounter, and this will help to describe your findings using conventional language. This is important as referees and readers do not want to be disturbed by strange expressions that could easily be replaced by one of the standard phrases given in this chapter.
Where possible, the order of the useful phrases reflects the order that they might appear in a paper, and within a section. Thus the phrases should help you to structure each section.
The same phrases may be needed in several sections of your paper. Below I have suggested which phrases you might need in each section.

55. Referring backwards and forwards in the paper
As was mentioned / stated / noted / discussed / reported in the Methods, … As reported above / previously / earlier / before …
As mentioned / stated / outlined in the literature review …
The above- / afore-mentioned X is …
More details on this will be given below / in the next section / in the appendix. The following is / Here follows / Below is a list of …
Please refer to Appendix 2 / Table 6 / the Supplementary Material for….
56. Referring back to your research aim
As stated in the Introduction, our main aim / objective / target / purpose / goal was to …
As stated in the Introduction, the research was conducted / undertaken / carried out in order to … Given that / Since our main aim was, as mentioned in the Introduction, to …
Before interpreting our results, we remind the reader of / would just like to restate our main aims. Returning to the hypothesis / question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that …
57. Referring outside the paper
See the respective handbook [Ref] for a description of X. For a detailed review on this topic see [Ref].
More details on this topic can be found in [Ref].

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